12/13 Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis
1. Interphase: Period of cell growth
2. Prophase: Nucleus disappears
3. Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle
4. Anaphase: They separate to opposite sides
5. Telophase: Separate into two nuclei
Cytokinesis: Two actual cells

Meiosis (two big steps)
Meiosis I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II

Meiosis:
G1- The cell begins at 2n (1 mom, 1 dad) 8
S- DNA Replication 4n 16
G2- 4n 16

Reading Assessment: Chapter 6 Your Inner Fish

What the reader learned in the first couple pages was every animal goes through the same stages of development as embryos. Every animal originated through one of the three layers of tissues called germ layers. During fertilization, a sperm and egg fuse together and the egg divides and forms a ball. For humans, the cell body divides four times (16 cells). The cell ball is called a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants itself in the moms uterus halfway and the baby's body forms from the top part of the blastocyst. When the cells divide, the baby becomes a "tube". It is called a "tube within a tube structure". The outer layer of the tube is the ectoderm (skin and nervous system), the middle later is the mesoderm (forms tissue in between guts and skin) and the inner layer is the endoderm (inner structure of the body, digestive tract and glands). 

Hans Spemann, an embryologist found that some cells can form a whole new individual on its own. He used newt eggs and pinched one side of an egg from its other side and the embryo formed twins. Hilde Mangold transplanted a tissue from one embryo to another embryo specie. She put the patch where the three germ layers are. She discovered a small patch of tissue, called an organizer, that was able to tell other cells what to do. All mammals, birds, amphibians and fish have organizers and it is possible to swap one species organizer for another. 

Flies have crazy mutations because they have an error in their DNA. Genes are stretches of DNA that are on the chromosome. 8 genes called hox genes are responsible for the development. Versions of the hox genes appear in every animal with a body. Many genes interact in the organizer to organize the body plan. 

12/11 Project and Microscopes

Today we worked on our Unit 5 Project (Tour through the cell on prezi)

We also learned how to use the microscopes. Here is a picture of a plant cell

12/9 Unit 4 Test

we had a test on genetics for unit 4

swaggie

12/2 Special Genetics

Today in class we covered codominance, incomplete dominance, and sex-linked problems. 

Codominance: both traits show. both dominant. 

Incomplete dominance: 1:2:1 ratio 
(P) red x white 
they make pink (F1)
F1 x F1
create white, pink, pink, red

Epistasis- product of genes make phenotype

Puppies! 
eebb and eeB_ = yellow
E_bb= chocolate
E_B_= black

BBEE x bbEE
F1= BbEe
F1 x F1

B_E_ black
bb_ _ choc. 
_ _ ee yellow 

Blood 
A and B are dominant over O
A and B completely dominate over each other 
AA and AO = A
BB and BO= B
AB=AB
OO= O

A man with a type A blood marries a woman with type A blood. They have the first child as blood type O. 

Genotypes
Father: AO
Mother: AO
Baby: OO